Over the last 20 years, essential changes have occurred in the policies guiding and structuring the delivery of healthcare to First Nations, Inuit, Métis and urban Indigenous peoples in Canada. This course provides historical context for the status of present-day Indigenous services in the federal and provincial government. It describes how key decision-makers have come to recognize that First Nations, Inuit, Métis and urban Indigenous peoples must be intimately involved in making healthcare services more culturally appropriate, and highlights the importance of allowing First Nations, Inuit, Métis and urban Indigenous peoples to develop, plan, manage and control their own health services.